Usps book rate

Usps book rate

books may contain incidental announcements of books. Speed depends on distance. Mail takes longer to travel across the country than to travel across town. Flat Rate Packaging is available in many convenient sizes for Priority Mail Express and Priority Mail, and can be used for domestic and international mailings. Flat Rate shipping lets you Maximum. Length. 11-1/2 inches. 15 inches. Height. 6-1/8 inches. 12 inches. Thickness. 1/4 inch. Purchase Money Orders. Sending money orders at any Post Office is easy to do. Pay with a debit card, cash, or traveler’s check. Money orders are safe, cost-effective, and never expire. 1. For details on free Package Pickup, go to Schedule a Pickup . Back ^. 2. Available only with certain products and to certain domestic destinations. Low rates for packages with expected delivery in 2-5 business days 4 (also the primary option for HAZMAT items that can't travel by air). You're sending a letter envelope (under 3.5 oz) or large envelope (under 13 oz) that's flat and bends easily. You're sending only books (or other eligible media) and want the most affordable …What are Library Mail Service and Media Mail Service? Learn about the eligibility, rates, and restrictions of these cost-effective shipping options for books, CDs, DVDs, and other educational materials. Find out how to use these services to send or receive items from libraries, schools, museums, and other qualified organizations.Purchase Money Orders. Sending money orders at any Post Office is easy to do. Pay with a debit card, cash, or traveler’s check. Money orders are safe, cost-effective, and never expire. 1. For …Postage is determined by package weight. A typical paperback (weighing up to one pound) costs $3.92 to send by MediaMail postal rate. A heavier book (a large hardcover, for example) weighing between 1 and 2 pounds will cost $4.67 to send by Media mail. Media Mail does not depend on distance--it will cost the same to send …Media Mail, or “book rate,” as it was formerly known, was initially designed in 1938 to provide lower postal prices for the mailing of books. ... the then Postal Rate Commission (PRC) stated “a review of the historical background of the special fourth-class (Media Mail) mail subclass demonstrates that the purpose of this favored subclass ...USPS Ground Advantage. If the longest side of a package is more than 22 inches but less than 30 inches, a $4.00 surcharge will be applied. If the longest side of a package is greater than 30 inches, a $7.00 surcharge will be applied. If the volume of the package is greater than 2 cubic feet, a $15.00 surcharge will be applied*. The savings with Media Mail can add up. If you’re a Stamps.com customer sending a 1-pound package, it will cost From $9.25 with Priority Mail® (using the Stamps.com discount) and only $4.13 and up with Media Mail. Using Media Mail in this situation will save you around 53 percent in postage costs. The drawback of Media Mail is that USPS has ... Purchase Money Orders. Sending money orders at any Post Office is easy to do. Pay with a debit card, cash, or traveler’s check. Money orders are safe, cost-effective, and never expire. 1. For details on free Package Pickup, go to Schedule a Pickup . Back ^. 2. Available only with certain products and to certain domestic destinations. The Big 3: Overview of UPS, USPS, and FedEx. We all know the three major players stand out: UPS, USPS, and FedEx. Each of these carriers has carved out a distinct niche in the 3PL market, offering unique services, pricing structures, and operational strengths. Here’s a closer look at what each of these …Rates are set by fiscal year, effective Oct. 1 each year. Find current rates in the continental United States, or CONUS rates, by searching below with city and state or ZIP code, or by clicking on the map, or use the new per diem tool to calculate trip allowances.Informally called "Book Rate," Media Mail cannot contain advertising, except eligible books may contain incidental announcements of books.Comparison of UPS Book Rates with other shipping carriers. While UPS Book Rates are often less expensive than regular UPS Ground rates for packages under 70 pounds, it’s always a good idea to compare rates from different carriers to find the best deal. Other shipping carriers, such as USPS and FedEx, also offer special rates for shipping books.Please select from the following options. Calculate Postcard price. View Flat Rate Envelopes.The weight limit for your First-Class package also increases from 13 oz. to 15.999 oz when printing the trackable label. Certified Mail with Electronic Return Receipt (E-RR) offers the same benefits of the traditional “Green Card” without the need for manual processing. With E-RR all signatures are stored digitally, and you save $1.20 per ... 70 pounds. The Periodicals class of mail is designed for newspapers, magazines, and other periodical publications whose primary purpose is transmitting information to an established list of subscribers or requesters. Periodicals must be published at regular intervals, at least four times a year from a known office of publication, and be formed ... Get a USPS shipping estimate for your parcel, in 5 simple steps: Package your item (for help with this, see our packaging guide ) Measure your final packaged item (L x W x H inches) Weigh your package (lbs) Enter the dimensions, weight and destination into our USPS postage calculator. Compare USPS postage rates to other carriers and book your ... The Medium Flat-Rate Box would increase to $16.10, the Large Flat-Rate Box would decrease to $21.50 and the price of the APO/FPO Large Flat-Rate Box would decrease to $20.00. Regular Flat-Rate Envelopes, Legal Flat-Rate Envelopes, and Padded Flat-Rate Envelopes would increase to $8.95, $9.25, and $9.65 respectively.USPS Ground Advantage ™ service is an affordable and reliable way to send packages inside the U.S. Ship to all 50 states, U.S. military bases, territories, possessions, and Freely Associated States. Primary option for sending hazardous materials (HAZMAT) that can’t go by air. Prices start at just $5.00 at a Post Office ™ location.Welcome to USPS.com. Track packages, pay and print postage with Click-N-Ship, schedule free package pickups, look up ZIP Codes, calculate postage prices, and find everything you need for sending mail and shipping packages.Formerly called “Book Rate”, Media Mail cannot contain advertising, except eligible books may contain incidental announcements of books. Speed depends on ...Zones 1-4, 11-20 lbs. - $1.50. Zones 5-9, 11-20lbs. - $3.00. Zones 1-4, 21-70 lbs. - $2.50. Zones 5-9, 21-70 lbs. - $5.00. First-Class Package Service - $0.30. A zone pricing calculator is can be found online. A complete list of business products and prices is also available online. The temporary adjustment is part of “ Delivering for America ...See your USPS ® sales agent for Commercial pricing. Priority Mail Return ® Service. From $7.90 for Commercial Pricing. First-Class Mail ®. From $0.68 at the Post Office. From $0.507 for Commercial Pricing. USPS Ground Advantage ™. From $5.00 at the Post Office. From $3.79 for Commercial Pricing.Nov 22, 2022 ... How to Ship a book with Media Mail and Pirate Ship USPS.You're also eligible to earn points and elite credit — a 30-night stay would net you top-tier Hyatt Globalist through 2022! Hyatt has been offering several alternative-stay promoti...Shop our selection of Flat Rate, Priority Mail Shipping Supplies on the USPS.com Postal StoreRates are set by fiscal year, effective Oct. 1 each year. Find current rates in the continental United States, or CONUS rates, by searching below with city and state or ZIP code, or by clicking on the map, or use the new per diem tool to calculate trip allowances.Oct 14, 2020 ... Do you need to learn how to ship a package from home? Shipping packages USPS doesn't have to be hard! USPS Click N Ship service ... rate envelope.Compare and choose from various mail and package services offered by USPS, including Priority Mail, USPS Ground, Media Mail, and more. Find out how to pay for postage, print labels, schedule pickups, and get insurance and extra services.USPS Priority Mail Insured Shipping for one graded book: $12. UPS Ground Home Delivery for 1-2 graded books OR 1-12 raw books: $18. Shipping rates also scale up faster the more graded books you're mailing because each book takes up significantly more space and weight than adding a few ungraded comics to a box. Purchase Money Orders. Sending money orders at any Post Office is easy to do. Pay with a debit card, cash, or traveler’s check. Money orders are safe, cost-effective, and never expire. 1. For details on free Package Pickup, go to Schedule a Pickup . Back ^. 2. Available only with certain products and to certain domestic destinations. Additionally, the USPS started Media Mail in 1938 with the name “Book Mail.” It was used as a way to incentivize the spread of educational materials across the country. This still stands true. This is why any bound materials greater than 8 pages, books, DVDs, CDs, Film, Cassettes, or vinyl recordings can be …Are you curious about the postage price changes for the United States Postal Service in 2024? Visit this webpage to find out the new rates, effective from Jan. 21, 2024, for different mail classes and services. You can also compare the prices with previous years and learn how to save money on your mailings and shipments. books may contain incidental announcements of books. Speed depends on distance. Mail takes longer to travel across the country than to travel across town. Flat Rate Packaging is available in many convenient sizes for Priority Mail Express and Priority Mail, and can be used for domestic and international mailings. Flat Rate shipping lets you Purchase Money Orders. Sending money orders at any Post Office is easy to do. Pay with a debit card, cash, or traveler’s check. Money orders are safe, cost-effective, and never expire. 1. For details on free Package Pickup, go to Schedule a Pickup . Back ^. 2. Available only with certain products and to certain domestic destinations. Keep an eye on your hotel bookings to avoid unexpected rate changes and other surprises. Many travelers know that it's important to routinely check your flight reservations to avoi...First-Class Mail International Affordable International Mailing. First-Class Mail International ® (FCMI) service is the most affordable way to send letters and large envelopes to more than 180 countries, including Canada, Great Britain, and Australia.. Send 1 oz letters or postcards around the world with one Global Forever ® stamp, which …The United States Postal Service (USPS) provides a variety of shipping options to meet the needs of its customers. One of the most popular options for shipping books is “Media Mail.” As the name implies, this shipping method is specifically designed for …Search Results book rates - USPS. Find out how to send books and other educational materials at lower prices with Media Mail service. Compare the rates, restrictions, and delivery times of different USPS services, such as First-Class Mail and Priority Mail. Save money and time with USPS.See your USPS ® sales agent for Commercial pricing. Priority Mail Return ® Service. From $7.90 for Commercial Pricing. First-Class Mail ®. From $0.68 at the Post Office. From $0.507 for Commercial Pricing. USPS Ground Advantage ™. From $5.00 at the Post Office. From $3.79 for Commercial Pricing.Find the starting prices for domestic and international mailing and shipping options, including Priority Mail Express, First-Class Mail, Global Express, and more. Compare prices, services, and extra fees with the Postal …Mail in 1–5 Business Days. First-Class Mail ® service is an affordable and easy way to send envelopes and postcards. First-Class Mail Forever ® stamps cost $0.68 (the current 1 oz price) and will never expire, even if the First-Class ™ postage rate goes up. To send packages, see USPS Ground Advantage ™ service.Low rates for packages with expected delivery in 2-5 business days 4 (also the primary option for HAZMAT items that can't travel by air). You're sending a letter envelope (under 3.5 oz) or large envelope (under 13 oz) that's flat and bends easily. You're sending only books (or other eligible media) and want the most affordable …$5 in USPS postage to use in trial period; USPS rate discounts you can’t get at the Post Office; No long-term contracts, cancel anytime; Only $19.99 per month plus applicable taxes, if any, including the first month if you stay past the …USPS Media Mail rates might make your postage bill as much as 50% cheaper compared to Priority Mail. USPS Media Mail rates are cheaper because the following extra shipping services are not included: Price Is Based On Weight And Size Not Zone : Unlike other shipping options from the US Postal Service, USPS Media Mail is …The costs of these options vary depending on the chosen packaging, with prices ranging from $9.20 for Small Flat Rate Boxes and from $14.75 to $17.10 for Medium Flat Rate Boxes. Bear in mind that prices could change and might vary based on location and shipping method. Accessing Lower Commercial Rates.Are you planning a trip to Shirdi Sai Ashram? If so, then you’ll want to make sure you get the best rates for your room booking. Here are some tips to help you find the best deals ... The United States Postal Service first created Media Mail back in 1938. The goal was to offer a less expensive way to mail books to encourage the flow of educational materials through the mail. Originally called “Book Rate,” it was later expanded as technology created new items that could still be considered educational, like films, CDs and ... First-Class Forever stamp will be 68 cents. WASHINGTON, DC — Today, the United States Postal Service filed notice with the Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC) of mailing services price changes to take effect Jan. 21, 2024. The new rates include a 2-cent increase in the price of a First-Class Mail Forever stamp, from 66 cents to 68 cents. The .... January 2024 Price Change. Effective January 21, 2024. January 2024 Price File Update Log (Updated 12/20/2023) Status. Revised.Retail rates will apply if you ship from a UPS location, don’t have a payment account or scheduled pickup service with UPS, or you ship infrequently using a payment card. View Retail Rates. Flat Rate Shipping Within the U.S. Shipping with UPS Simple Rate is as easy as it gets. Use your own packaging, pick from one of five delivery … Purchase Money Orders. Sending money orders at any Post Office is easy to do. Pay with a debit card, cash, or traveler’s check. Money orders are safe, cost-effective, and never expire. 1. For details on free Package Pickup, go to Schedule a Pickup . Back ^. 2. Available only with certain products and to certain domestic destinations. “Book Rate,” Media Mail cannot contain advertising, except eligible books may contain incidental announcements of books. Speed depends on distance. Mail takes longer to travel across the country than to travel across town. Flat Rate Packaging is available in many convenient sizes for Priority Mail Express and Priority Mail, and can beLPT- If youre mailing books with USPS, ask for "media mail" or "book rate." Book rate is about half the price of regular rates. Productivity I sent a book yesterday that would have been $7.75 but with book rate, I spent $3.15. ... “Book Rate” aka Media Mail is the lowest priority mail. “If there’s room on the truck” type of mail.ShipStation offers affordable USPS postage thanks to our close relationship with USPS postage provider Stamps.com. These rates do not require you to ship a certain volume of shipments. You get the same great discounts if you ship one package with ShipStation or 10,000. Use our rate calculator to streamline your shipping process and always ...If you haven’t signed up for the US Postal Service’s Informed Delivery service, you might want to do so now. If you haven’t signed up for the US Postal Service’s Informed Delivery ... Use the FedEx Shipping Calculator for estimated shipping costs based on details, such as shipment origin, destination, date, packaging, and weight. The shipping rates in this blog are the 2021 USPS shipping rates. For the current 2023 USPS rates, visit our USPS 2023 Shipping Rate Changes: Flat Rate, Priority, ... USPS Media Mail is a low-cost option for shipping physical media such as books, DVDs/Blu-rays, vinyl records, CDs, and magazines and other bound materials that are at …The cost of sending Media Mail is determined by your package’s weight. For a book that’s 1 pound or less, you’ll pay $2.75 for shipping with Media Mail. For each additional pound, add 52 cents to your total. For example, shipping a 5-pound book through Media Mail will cost $4.83 in postage. Media Mail shipping …Nov 10, 2021 · Nov. 10, 2021. U.S. Postal Service Announces New Competitive Prices and Two New Mail Products for 2022. Postal Service continues to offer some of the lowest letter-mail postage rates in the industrialized world and a great value in shipping as we enhance our reliability and expand our product offerings in service to the American people. In the months leading up to the 2020 election, the U.S. Postal Service has become yet another political battleground. The essential mail services that many Americans rely on have c...First Class Mail Flat – each additional ounce. $0.24. Priority Mail Express Flat Rate Envelope. $26.35. Priority Mail (1 lb., zone 1) From $9.25. Ground Advantage (4 oz., zone 1) From $5.00. *Retail/Post Office Rate: Prices paid when going to Post Office to purchase postage.Maximum. Length. 11-1/2 inches. 15 inches. Height. 6-1/8 inches. 12 inches. Thickness. 1/4 inch.Whether you’re an avid reader or a small business owner, mailing books can be a regular occurrence. However, shipping costs can quickly add up, especially when sending multiple boo...What is Bound Printed Matter Service? Learn how to mail books, sound recordings, printed music, and other eligible items at a lower cost with USPS. Find out the eligibility requirements, prices, and mailing standards for Bound Printed Matter Service.The single-piece letter additional ounce price would increase to 20 cents, the metered mail 1-ounce price would increase to 51 cents and the prices of postcard stamps would increase to 36 cents. Single-piece 1-ounce flat prices will remain unchanged at $1. The Postal Service has some of the lowest letter-mail …Those rusty edges, loose hinges, and illegible numbers are a problem. Good news, everybody—it’s Mailbox Improvement Week! While this is sometimes spun as an opportunity to “beautif...Educational materials like books, project reports, etc., are now readily available in digital format. However, saving a load of PDF files into a laptop or mobile phone is like safekeeping a needle in a haystack. ... And yes, you will still get the Media Mail rate! The USPS allows you to include small personal notes or cards in the Media Mail ...January 2024 Price Change. Effective January 21, 2024. January 2024 Price File Update Log (Updated 12/20/2023) Status. Revised.Lowest Rates. Save up to 89%. Easyship offers the best rates with discounts up to 15% off Commercial Plus Pricing (CCP) so you can save on shipping costs. You’ll also gain access to flat rate shipping and other popular shipping options at discounted rates.First-Class Forever stamp will be 68 cents. WASHINGTON, DC — Today, the United States Postal Service filed notice with the Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC) of mailing services price changes to take effect Jan. 21, 2024. The new rates include a 2-cent increase in the price of a First-Class Mail Forever stamp, from 66 cents to 68 cents. The ...The shipping rates in this blog are the 2021 USPS shipping rates. For the current 2023 USPS rates, visit our USPS 2023 Shipping Rate Changes: Flat Rate, Priority, ... USPS Media Mail is a low-cost option for shipping physical media such as books, DVDs/Blu-rays, vinyl records, CDs, and magazines and other bound materials that are at …Shipping books, DVDs and other media? Then, USPS Media Mail is a cost-effective solution small businesses like yours need to know about. What is Media Mail? Known as Book Rate from the pre-digital age (and still commonly referred to Book Rate among booksellers), Media Mail offers low rates to ship …Sending letters may seem archaic but sending things through the mail is necessary for those who still send bills through the mail, as well as when it comes time to send greeting ca...USPS Media Mail is the most cost-effective way to send items such as books, vinyl records, videos, and other educational materials through the US Postal Service. Media Mail takes a bit longer to deliver than the other USPS mail classes (between 2-8 business days), but it is a fantastic money-saving perk for sending these types of items.First-Class Mail International Affordable International Mailing. First-Class Mail International ® (FCMI) service is the most affordable way to send letters and large envelopes to more than 180 countries, including Canada, Great Britain, and Australia.. Send 1 oz letters or postcards around the world with one Global Forever ® stamp, which … Get a USPS shipping estimate for your parcel, in 5 simple steps: Package your item (for help with this, see our packaging guide ) Measure your final packaged item (L x W x H inches) Weigh your package (lbs) Enter the dimensions, weight and destination into our USPS postage calculator. Compare USPS postage rates to other carriers and book your ... With books, announcements of books in book pages or as loose enclosures. ... USPS headquarters. 3.3 Delivery and Return ... 0, Preparation for Pallets, that are not ...Media Mail is a shipping option offered by the United States Postal Service as an inexpensive way to send educational materials like books, CDs, and film. ... “USPS Book Rates.” Over time, the list of items that qualify for media mail has expanded. With the invention of the computer, more and more digital media items started to be included ...Mar 30, 2023 · Shipping Books with USPS Media Mail. Media Mail is the most common way merchants ship books and other physical media items. With a weight limit of 70 lbs, it can ship a LOT of books for an affordable rate. It is an economical option that has long been available through the USPS. Media Mail is a slower service than First Class or Priority Mail. Low rates for packages with expected delivery in 2-5 business days 4 (also the primary option for HAZMAT items that can't travel by air). You're sending a letter envelope (under 3.5 oz) or large envelope (under 13 oz) that's flat and bends easily. You're sending only books (or other eligible media) and want the most affordable … With Prepaid Forever Priority Mail Flat Rate, you get the same Flat Rate pricing with the added convenience of Forever ® postage. USPS Label Delivery service: Even if you don't have a printer, you can still ship online using enhanced Click-N-Ship —for an extra $1.25 per label, we'll print an outbound label and deliver it to you. Forever Stamp to Rise Three Cents. WASHINGTON, DC — Today, the United States Postal Service filed notice with the Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC) of price changes to take effect Jan. 22, 2023. The new rates include a three-cent increase in the price of a First-Class Mail Forever stamp from 60 cents to 63 …Maximum. Length. 11-1/2 inches. 15 inches. Height. 6-1/8 inches. 12 inches. Thickness. 1/4 inch.First Class Mail Flat – each additional ounce. $0.24. Priority Mail Express Flat Rate Envelope. $26.35. Priority Mail (1 lb., zone 1) From $9.25. Ground Advantage (4 oz., zone 1) From $5.00. *Retail/Post Office Rate: Prices paid when going to Post Office to purchase postage.The United States Postal Service’s Media Mail Service, formerly called Book Rate, is an efficient method to ship educational materials. It is calculated solely on weight and size. Media Mail is a great choice for eCommerce sellers that …USPS Media Mail is the most cost-effective way to send items such as books, vinyl records, videos, and other educational materials through the US Postal Service. Media Mail takes a bit longer to deliver than the other USPS mail classes (between 2-8 business days), but it is a fantastic money-saving perk for sending these types of items.While this depends on the size of the books being shipped and how many are going to the customer, a standard cardboard box of 17”x12”x12” is generally enough for a large shipment of books to a customer. USPS flat rate boxes and padded envelopes are also economical, reliable options for smaller shipments of books. Additionally, the ...Find the best mail service for your needs based on speed, price, and features. Compare Priority Mail Express, Priority Mail, USPS Ground Advantage, and other options for domestic and international shipping.Rates are set by fiscal year, effective Oct. 1 each year. Find current rates in the continental United States, or CONUS rates, by searching below with city and state or ZIP code, or by clicking on the map, or use the new per diem tool to calculate trip allowances.Twice a Month ($27.20 total per month): 6-month subscription at $13.60 per book plus shipping. 12-month subscription at $13.60 per book plus shipping. Please Note: If there is a price change during the subscription time period, the amount you are charged for the subscription will update to reflect the new First-Class rate price. Made in the USA.Save This to My Address Book. Service Available. SHIPMENT PICKUP DETAILSEdit. NAME AND ADDRESS. Carol A Cook 303 Pulaski Ave #2R Brooklyn, NY 11206. PHONE. 917-254-1234. EMAIL. [email protected]. IS THERE A DOG AT THIS ADDRESS?Edit. There isn't a dog at this address. ... The USPS ® …Compare and choose from various mail and package services offered by USPS, including Priority Mail, USPS Ground, Media Mail, and more. Find out how to pay for postage, print labels, schedule pickups, and get insurance and extra services.Are you planning a trip to Shirdi Sai Ashram? If so, then you’ll want to make sure you get the best rates for your room booking. Here are some tips to help you find the best deals ...The USPS website is the best place to look when you need to find the nearest USPS location. Other places to look include a mailbox locator website, online directories and tradition...New United States Postal Service (USPS) postage rates take effect January 26. Here, we share new rate charts for popular USPS service levels. – Shipping rates are critical, both for you and your customers: 58% of consumers expect product pages to include the cost of shipping, and 56% of retailers find cost to be the biggest challenge to their business when it …Aug 5, 2022 · NOTE: The USPS raised the price of Media Mail by an average of 12.1% in January of 2022. For more information head to our updated 2022 Media Mail Rates Guide.. While the new year brings the usual annual USPS rate increase, there can occasionally be additional rate increases that happen throughout the year. Compare and choose from various mail and package services offered by USPS, including Priority Mail, USPS Ground, Media Mail, and more. Find out how to pay for postage, print labels, schedule pickups, and get insurance and extra services.For shipments under 1 pound (which covers most individual books), Media Mail only costs $2.80 to send out! That said, Media Mail is a slower service than other USPS services, with delivery occurring anywhere between 2-8 business days. So, the tradeoff you get for such low rates with Media Mail is a slower delivery timeframe than other services.If you haven’t signed up for the US Postal Service’s Informed Delivery service, you might want to do so now. If you haven’t signed up for the US Postal Service’s Informed Delivery ... The United States Postal Service (USPS) offers a cost-effective shipping option called Media Mail, specifically designed for sending educational materials and media items. To ensure that you are using this service correctly, it is important to understand the rules and restrictions associated with Media Mail. Eligible Items for Media Mail: 1. Books: Must be at UPS is often more expensive than USPS due to fees and surcharges, especially when it comes to shipping smaller packages. Generally, USPS offers much better rates when shipping smaller packages of less than two pounds. UPS typically is a better choice when shipping heavy packages, or large packages by offering …Get the cheapest USPS shipping rates with no monthly fees. Pirate Ship's free shipping software lets you instantly buy USPS-approved postage online, which can save you up to 89% compared to the retail rates you'll get from the Post Office. You can print shipping labels from any kind of printer and just hand them to the mailman, drop them off at ... Business Customer Gateway. For large-volume mailers and shippers, the Business Customer Gateway (BCG) is our central USPS benefits hub. Take advantage of business services like mail tracking data, APIs, mailing documentation, and more. Access certain programs and features only available to businesses that meet certain volume shipping requirements. ---1